etc.) and functional attribution of infrastructure objects and fea- tures in military and civilian context. For example, the interior complexity of a building and the building’s use are major factors in the efficiency of precision targeting or clearing.


Other near-term to midterm research seeks to dramatically reduce collection time, particularly since the U.S. cannot fore- cast with certainty where conflict will require our forces. Other areas of effort, also spanning the near term and midterm, inves- tigate techniques to automatically filter and remove ephemeral features and objects—such as vehicles, people and urban clut- ter—to produce a time-stable foundation that contains only the horizontal and vertical infrastructure. Researchers also are designing and testing compact and common frameworks for adding back currently observed or projected ephemera, whether natural (e.g., ice, snow, water) or man-induced, like traffic on our day-to-day personal navigation applications.


CAPABILITY AT BRIGADE AND BELOW When it comes to the next tier of 3-D, high-resolution terrain data generation, management and dissemination, the Army S&T community is exploring the need for tactical capability at brigade and below. In the 2030 to 2040 time frame, the brigade combat team will have a variety of laser, LIDAR and imaging systems for characterizing urban infrastructure. Tis expectation necessitates an organic capability to improve gaps in a standard geospatial load, to perform change analysis and to collect and overlay real-time information. Urban operations also may need purpose-designed kits for exploration of interior and subterranean spaces by Soldiers or robots.


To deal with all of this effectively and efficiently, the tactical user will need an operational data environment where generation, processing and dissemination of 3-D urban data can remain local for some period, avoiding the delays currently experienced in vetting and validating authoritative data.


As a third and directly actionable tier of a future capability, we can consider the examples of derived information layers and terrain reasoning related to METT-TC, the military acronym for mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available and civil considerations. Many mature derived-information products have become standards, such as line-of-sight analysis, trafficability (the ability of a vehicle to traverse a specified terrain) and mobility analyses and the identification of helicopter landing zones. For near-real-time information to serve tactical operations, a capability would require accurate georegistration to the foundation data, despite


THREE DIMENSIONS, FOUR WAYS


These are some of the views possible with an enriched, 3-D visualization of a given area: Clockwise from upper left, a high- resolution representation; a version that filters out ephemeral objects such as passing cars; augmented reality view with edges and corners georegistered and attributed; and extracted edges and corners.


GPS degradation or denial, and precision sufficient to automati- cally identify movement of people and platforms and an update rate of a few seconds. Movement assessment would require a latency of less than about 10 seconds and an update rate of only a few seconds.


Critical research objectives at the ERDC, ARL and elsewhere in the near term to midterm include developing algorithms and techniques for robust and fully automated collection, buffering, processing and tailored direct distribution, all in a communications-challenged environment. Near-term research seeks


to integrate on-demand and automated processing of


products such as these with near-real-time updating, using data derived from battlespace sensing.


FORM, FIT AND FUNCTION Te prospect of 3-D enriched, high-resolution urban terrain with near-real-time updated tactical overlays does not neces- sarily constitute operational improvement and leap-ahead advantage. We can observe in the world every day the distrac- tion and operational slowing caused by visual displays, personal and otherwise, as well as our dependence on them. To inte- grate and distill sufficient situational context—METT-TC—so


ASC.ARMY.MIL 149


SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / DASA(R&T)


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